Colorectal Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide to Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention (2025)

If you’re asking, “What is colorectal cancer?”, it’s one of the most common cancers of the digestive system, affecting the large intestine (colon) or rectum. In Iran, more than 7,500 people are diagnosed with this disease annually. However, with early diagnosis and modern treatments, many patients can return to a healthy life. This comprehensive article will help you understand the symptoms, diagnostic methods, advanced treatment options (like laparoscopic surgery), prevention strategies, and up-to-date statistics for Iran in a simple and accurate language. The information is based on the latest medical updates (June 2025) and is practical for Iranian patients.

In this guide, we’ve covered everything from causes and risk factors to advanced treatments at well-equipped hospitals like Erfan Niayesh, as well as key tips for prevention and follow-up care. Our goal is to help you make informed decisions about your health or the health of your loved ones.

To consult with one of the best colorectal surgeons in Tehran, Dr. Hossein Yousef Fam, please call: 09027430364.

 What is Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is a disease where abnormal cells grow in the inner lining of the large intestine or rectum, forming a tumor. The large intestine is part of the digestive system that processes food after it has been digested in the stomach and small intestine, absorbing water and electrolytes, and forming stool. The rectum, the final section of this system, stores stool before it’s eliminated. Cancers of the colon and rectum are often grouped together as colorectal cancer because they share similar characteristics.

This disease typically begins with intestinal polyps—benign growths on the lining of the colon that can turn cancerous over several years. While colorectal cancer is more common in people over 50, its incidence has been increasing in younger individuals. In Iran, modern lifestyles, low-fiber diets, and rising obesity rates have contributed to the spread of this disease.

Early diagnosis with a colonoscopy can save your life!

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of colorectal cancer is unknown, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors plays a role. Understanding these factors can help you reduce your risk by changing your habits:

• Age: The risk increases significantly after age 45, though cases are also common in those under 45.
• Family History: Your risk is 2-3 times higher if a first-degree relative (parent, sibling) has had colorectal cancer or precancerous polyps.
• Unhealthy Diet: A high intake of red meat and processed foods (like sausages), and a low-fiber diet (lacking vegetables and fruits) increase the risk. In Iran, a low consumption of legumes and vegetables in some diets has exacerbated this problem.
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD): Conditions like ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, which cause chronic intestinal inflammation, increase the risk of colon cancer.
• Unhealthy Lifestyle: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity are significant risk factors. Studies have shown smokers are 20% more likely to develop rectal cancer.
• Obesity and Diabetes: Obese individuals or those with type 2 diabetes are more susceptible to colorectal cancer due to metabolic changes.
• Genetic Mutations: Syndromes like Lynch syndrome or Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) drastically increase the risk, although these cases are rare.

Understanding these factors empowers you to make changes, such as increasing fiber in your diet or exercising regularly, to reduce your risk. For example, adding vegetables like broccoli or beans to your daily meals can have a positive effect.

 What Are the Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer

In the early stages, symptoms of colorectal cancer are often mild or subtle, which is why many patients don’t realize they are sick until the advanced stages. However, recognizing these symptoms is vital for early diagnosis. If you experience any of the following for more than a few weeks, be sure to see a doctor.

Common Symptoms

• Change in bowel habits: Persistent diarrhea or constipation lasting more than 3-4 weeks, or the feeling of an incomplete bowel movement after using the toilet.
• Blood in the stool: Seeing bright red blood or dark, tarry stool, which can indicate rectal cancer or bleeding in the upper parts of the colon.
• Abdominal pain or discomfort: Muscle cramps, bloating, or a feeling of fullness that doesn’t improve with food or bowel movements.
• Unexplained weight loss: Significant weight loss (e.g., 5 kg in a few months) without changes in diet or physical activity.
• Chronic fatigue and weakness: A persistent feeling of tiredness that doesn’t go away with rest, especially if accompanied by other symptoms.
• Anemia: Particularly in men, this can be caused by hidden bleeding in the intestine. Symptoms include paleness, shortness of breath, or dizziness.
• Nausea or vomiting: In more advanced cases, if the tumor causes a blockage in the intestine, these symptoms may appear.

These symptoms can be mistaken for benign conditions like hemorrhoids, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), or gastrointestinal infections. Therefore, colorectal cancer screening is essential for individuals over 45 or those with a family history. In Iran, many patients are diagnosed at advanced stages due to ignoring symptoms like blood in their stool, while early diagnosis can be life-saving.

For example, one patient in Tehran noticed blood in their stool for two months. A subsequent colonography revealed a precancerous polyp, which was removed in time, preventing it from progressing to colorectal cancer. This story highlights the importance of paying attention to symptoms and seeking timely medical help.

Common Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer

• Blood in stool
• Changes in bowel habits
• Abdominal pain
• Weight loss
• Chronic fatigue
• Anemia

If symptoms last for more than 3 weeks, see a doctor!

How Is Colorectal Cancer Diagnosed

Diagnosing colorectal cancer involves a combination of clinical tests, imaging, and biopsies. In Iran, well-equipped hospitals like Erfan Niayesh in Tehran use advanced technology for accurate diagnosis. The goal of these methods is to identify polyps or tumors in the early stages to ensure more effective treatment.

 Diagnostic Methods

• Colonoscopy: The gold standard for diagnosing colorectal cancer. In this procedure, a flexible tube with a camera (colonoscope) is inserted through the rectum into the large intestine to examine the inner lining. If a polyp or mass is found, it can be removed or biopsied at the same time. This procedure is performed under light anesthesia at hospitals in Tehran like Erfan Niayesh and usually takes 30-60 minutes.
• Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): This non-invasive test detects hidden bleeding in the intestine, which can be a sign of polyps or colon cancer. It is used as an initial screening tool.
• Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, but it only examines the rectum and the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon). It’s suitable for diagnosing rectal cancer.
• CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy): A non-invasive imaging method that uses a CT scan to produce 3D images of the large intestine. It is a suitable option for patients who cannot undergo a colonoscopy.
• Biopsy: If a suspicious mass is found, a tissue sample is taken and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
• CEA Test (Carcinoembryonic Antigen): A blood marker that is elevated in some patients with colorectal cancer. This test is used to monitor treatment or detect a recurrence of the disease.
• Advanced Imaging: In advanced cases, an MRI or PET scan is used to check for the spread of cancer to other organs (metastasis).

The American Cancer Society and similar Iranian guidelines recommend that average-risk individuals begin colorectal cancer screening at age 45. If you have a family history or inflammatory bowel diseases, screening may need to start at age 30-45. In Tehran, advanced centers like Erfan Niayesh offer these services with high quality, and some even allow online booking for colonoscopies.

Early diagnosis can increase the five-year survival rate from 14% in advanced stages to 90% in early stages. So, if you have symptoms or are in a high-risk group, don’t delay screening.

What Are Intestinal Polyps

Intestinal polyps are abnormal growths that develop on the inner lining of the large intestine or rectum. Most polyps are benign, but some can turn into colorectal cancer over 5-15 years. Since polyps are usually asymptomatic, they can only be detected through colorectal cancer screening like a colonoscopy.

Types of Polyps

• Adenomatous: The most common type (50-70%) and precancerous. If not removed, these polyps may turn into colon cancer. In Iran, about 20% of people over 50 have this type of polyp.
• Hyperplastic: Usually benign and low-risk. These polyps are more often found in the sigmoid colon and rarely become cancerous.
• Serrated: Less common, but some types have a high risk of becoming cancerous and require close monitoring.

Possible Polyp Symptoms

Most polyps are asymptomatic, but large ones may cause bleeding (blood in the stool), changes in bowel habits, or abdominal pain. Therefore, regular colonoscopies are recommended for people over 45 or with a family history.

H3: Ways to Prevent Polyps

• High-fiber diet: Eating fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (like brown rice, beans, or cabbage) reduces the risk of polyp formation. In Iran, adding traditional foods like vegetable “ash” or bean stews can be beneficial.
• Regular exercise: At least 30 minutes of daily activity (like brisk walking) can reduce the risk of polyps and colorectal cancer by up to 15%.
• Quit smoking and alcohol: Smoking and alcohol increase intestinal inflammation and raise the risk of polyps.
• Regular colonoscopies: Screening every 5-10 years identifies and removes polyps in their early stages.

Removing polyps during a colonoscopy is simple and usually performed on the same day. This procedure reduces the risk of a polyp turning into colorectal cancer to almost zero.

Colorectal Cancer Treatments

Colorectal cancer treatment depends on the stage of the disease, the tumor’s location, and the patient’s general health. In Iran, well-equipped hospitals in Tehran like Erfan Niayesh offer advanced treatments with multidisciplinary teams (including surgeons, oncologists, and radiologists). The treatment approach is usually a combination of the following methods.

Surgery

Surgery is the most common treatment for colorectal cancer, and its goal is to remove the tumor and nearby lymph nodes. There are two main types of surgery:

• Laparoscopic Surgery: A minimally invasive procedure with small incisions and an advanced camera. This method leads to a faster recovery (1-3 weeks), smaller scars, and a lower risk of infection. At Erfan Niayesh Hospital, Dr. Youseffam uses a Stryker 1688 laparoscopic system with ICG (fluorescent staining) for greater precision and safer surgery.
• Open Surgery: Used for large or complex tumors, requiring a larger incision. This method may have a longer recovery time (4-6 weeks).

In cases where the cancer is advanced, palliative surgery is performed to reduce symptoms (like intestinal blockage). Choosing the best colorectal surgeon in Tehran with extensive experience in colorectal cancer surgery reduces the risk of complications.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells or slow their growth. This method can be:

• Neoadjuvant: Before surgery to shrink the tumor.
• Adjuvant: After surgery to eliminate remaining cells.
• Palliative: In advanced stages to control symptoms.

Common drugs include oxaliplatin or 5-FU. Potential side effects include nausea, diarrhea, or fatigue, but new medications have reduced these effects.

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy is primarily used for rectal cancer, as this area is more sensitive to radiation. This method can shrink a tumor before surgery or destroy remaining cells. In Tehran, advanced radiotherapy is performed with minimal damage to healthy tissue.

Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy

Targeted therapies like cetuximab or bevacizumab target specific proteins in cancer cells and are effective for advanced stages. Immunotherapy strengthens the immune system to help the body fight the cancer. These methods are available in Iran for patients with specific mutations (like MSI-H).

Palliative Care

In advanced cases, palliative care is offered to manage pain, improve nutrition, and provide emotional support. These services improve the quality of life.

Benefits of Laparoscopic Surgery

Laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery has significant advantages over open surgery, which is why it is popular in advanced hospitals in Tehran:

• Smaller incisions (5-10 mm) that leave smaller, more aesthetically pleasing scars.
• Faster recovery: Patients usually return to daily activities 1-2 weeks after laparoscopy, compared to 4-6 weeks for open surgery.
• Lower risk of infection: Smaller incisions reduce the chance of infection.
• High precision: Technologies like the ICG system at Erfan Niayesh allow for more accurate identification of cancerous tissues.
• Less blood loss: This method minimizes bleeding during the operation, which is crucial for patients with blood-related issues.

Dr. Hossein Yousef Fam, one of the best colorectal surgeons in Tehran with experience in laparoscopy, has achieved brilliant results in treating patients. Watch his explanatory video on Aparat: [View Video].

For a consultation, call: 09027430364.

Potential Surgical Complications

Although colorectal cancer surgery is safe, complications can occur:

• Infection: At the incision site or inside the abdomen, which is treated with antibiotics.
• Anastomotic leak: The improper healing of the intestinal connection, which requires immediate intervention.
• Bowel obstruction: Due to adhesions or scar tissue, which may require re-surgery.
• Intestinal changes: Such as incontinence or changes in bowel movements, especially in rectal cancer.
• Anesthesia complications: Rare, but can occur in patients with heart problems.

Choosing the best colorectal surgeon and a well-equipped hospital like Erfan Niayesh minimizes these risks. Patients should discuss the risks and preparations with their doctor before surgery.

Preventing Colorectal Cancer

Preventing colorectal cancer is possible with lifestyle changes and regular screening. These simple actions can significantly reduce the risk:

• Healthy Diet: High-fiber intake (vegetables, fruits, legumes), reduced red meat consumption, and avoidance of processed foods. In our beloved country of Iran, traditional foods like “adasi” (lentil soup), okra stew, or “salad shirazi” (cucumber and tomato salad) are excellent, fiber-rich options.
• Regular Exercise: At least 150 minutes of aerobic activity per week (like walking or cycling) reduces the risk of colon cancer by up to 20%.
• Weight Control: Obesity is a major risk factor. Losing even 5% of body weight can have a positive effect.
• Quit Smoking and Alcohol: Quitting smoking reduces the risk after 10 years, and limiting alcohol is recommended.
• Regular Screening: Colonoscopy every 5-10 years starting at age 45 or earlier for high-risk individuals. This method removes polyps before they turn cancerous.

In Iran, screening programs have expanded in major cities like Tehran, and some clinics even offer discounted colonoscopies for people over 50. Consult with your doctor about a suitable screening plan.

5 Ways to Prevent Colorectal Cancer

• High-fiber diet
• Regular exercise
• Weight control
• Quit smoking
• Screening

Start today to reduce your risk!

Follow-up After Treatment

Follow-up care for colorectal cancer is essential to prevent recurrence, monitor recovery, and manage potential side effects. This process includes regular visits and periodic tests:

• Regular Visits: Usually every 3-6 months for the first two years after surgery, then annually. The doctor will examine the surgical site and assess symptoms.
• Blood Test: A CEA test to detect potential recurrence. An increase in this marker may require further investigation.
• Imaging: A CT scan or MRI every 6-12 months to check for cancer spread to other organs.
• Colonoscopy: Usually one year after surgery, then every 1-3 years to check for new polyps.
• Complication Management: Managing complications like changes in stool or fatigue with the help of a dietitian or physical therapist.

Patients must actively participate in their follow-up care and report any new symptoms (like bleeding or pain) immediately.

Treatment in Tehran

Tehran is one of the most advanced centers for colorectal cancer treatment in Iran. Hospitals like Erfan Niayesh, with modern equipment (such as the Stryker 1688 laparoscopic system and ICG system) and surgeons like Dr. Hossein Yousef Fam, provide world-class treatments.

The advantages of treatment in Tehran include access to up-to-date technology, the possibility of quick consultation, and post-treatment support, including access to ostomy nurses.

Colorectal Cancer Statistics in Iran

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in Iran, ranking third after stomach and breast cancers. According to the Iranian Ministry of Health report (2025):

• Approximately 7,500 new cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed in Iran annually.
• About 40% of patients are diagnosed in early stages (I and II), with a chance of recovery over 90%.
• Men are slightly more affected than women (a ratio of 1.4:1).
• The prevalence is higher in large cities (like Tehran) due to modern lifestyles.
• Screening is expanding in Iran, but only 30% of people over 50 undergo regular colonoscopies.

These statistics highlight the importance of early diagnosis and increasing awareness. Hospitals like Erfan Niayesh in Tehran offer discounted screening programs.

Frequently Asked Questions About Colorectal Cancer

1. Is colorectal cancer hereditary? About 10-15% of colorectal cancer cases are linked to genetic factors. Syndromes like Lynch syndrome or FAP increase the risk. If you have a family history, early screening (starting at age 30) is essential.

2. How painful is a colonoscopy? A colonoscopy is performed under light anesthesia and is usually painless. Patients may only feel mild discomfort. At Erfan Niayesh Hospital, modern equipment is used for patient comfort.

3. Can diet prevent colorectal cancer? Yes, a high-fiber diet with consumption of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains can reduce the risk of this disease by up to 20%. Traditional Iranian foods like “ash,” “adasi,” or “salad shirazi” are excellent choices. Avoid excessive consumption of red meat and processed foods.

4. Is colorectal cancer curable? Yes, especially in the early stages (I and II), the five-year survival rate is over 90%. Even in advanced stages, combined treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy can improve life expectancy. Choosing the best colorectal surgeon in Tehran, such as Dr. Hossein Youseffam and his other colorectal colleagues, and treatment at equipped centers like Erfan Niayesh Hospital or other top-tier hospitals increases the chance of a successful prognosis for colorectal cancer.

5. What are the treatment costs for colorectal cancer in Iran? Costs vary depending on the type of treatment (laparoscopic surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy) and the hospital. Approximately, laparoscopic surgery in Tehran costs between 6000to 7000$(2025),  Some insurance plans (like social security or supplementary insurance) cover part of the costs. For precise information, contact Erfan Niayesh Hospital at: 02149796089.

6. When should I get screened? For average-risk individuals, screening with a colonoscopy every 5-10 years is recommended starting at age 45. If you have a family history of colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel diseases (like Crohn’s), you may need to start screening at age 30-40. Consulting with a doctor to determine the right plan is essential.

7. Do intestinal polyps always turn into cancer? No, most polyps (especially the hyperplastic type) remain benign. However, adenomatous or serrated polyps may turn into colon cancer over 5-15 years. Removing polyps during a colonoscopy reduces this risk to almost zero.

8. What is the difference between colon and rectal cancer? Colon cancer and rectal cancer are both known as colorectal cancer, but their locations are different. Colon cancer occurs in the large intestine (the longest part of the bowel), while rectal cancer occurs in the last 15 centimeters of the intestine (the rectum). Treatments are similar, but rectal cancer may require more radiotherapy.

For more questions or to book an appointment, please contact us: Contact Dr. Yousef Fam.

Summary

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in Iran, but with early diagnosis and advanced treatments, it is manageable and even curable. This comprehensive guide has helped you become familiar with the symptoms, diagnostic methods (like colonoscopy), modern treatments (including laparoscopic surgery), and prevention strategies. Statistics from Iran show that by increasing screening, thousands of lives can be saved.

In Tehran, hospitals like Erfan Niayesh, with advanced equipment and surgeons like Dr. Hossein Yousef Fam, offer the best care. Whether you want to get screened, seek treatment, or simply learn more about what colorectal cancer is, this article is a complete resource for you.

Your action today can ensure a healthier future. For a consultation or to book an appointment, call the office: 09027430364. You can also watch                                Dr. Yousef Fam’s educational video on Aparat: [View Video].

By raising awareness and taking preventive measures, we can fight colorectal cancer and live better lives.

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For more information, contact Dr. Yousef Fam’s office: 09027430364